How Did The Buffalo Soldiers Service Impact Westward Expansion

African American regiments of the US Regular army created 1866, the start black regulars in peacetime

Buffalo Soldiers
Buffalo Soldiers of the 25th Infantry Regiment in 1890
Agile	1866–1951
Land	Us
Branch	United States Army 9th Cavalry Regiment tenth Cavalry Regiment 24th Infantry Regiment 25th Infantry Regiment
Nickname(southward)	"Buffalo Soldiers"
Colors	Blue
Engagements	American Indian Wars Spanish–American War Philippine–American War Mexican Edge War Globe War I Globe War II

Military unit

Buffalo Soldiers originally were members of the tenth Cavalry Regiment of the United States Regular army, formed on September 21, 1866, at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. This nickname was given to the Colored Cavalry^[1] by Native American tribes who fought in the Indian Wars. The term eventually became synonymous with all of the African-American regiments formed in 1866:

• 9th Cavalry Regiment
• 10th Cavalry Regiment
• 24th Infantry Regiment
• 25th Infantry Regiment
• Second 38th Infantry Regiment

Although several African-American regiments were raised during the Ceremonious State of war as part of the Union Army (including the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry and the many United States Colored Troops Regiments), the "Buffalo Soldiers" were established past Congress as the start peacetime all-black regiments in the regular U.S. Ground forces.^[2] On September 6, 2005, Mark Matthews, the oldest surviving Buffalo Soldier, died at the age of 111. He was cached at Arlington National Cemetery.^[3]

Etymology [edit]

Sources disagree on how the nickname "Buffalo Soldiers" began. According to the Buffalo Soldiers National Museum the name originated with the Cheyenne warriors in the winter of 1877, the actual Cheyenne translation being "Wild Buffalo". However, writer Walter Hill documented the account of Colonel Benjamin Grierson, who founded the 10th Cavalry regiment, recalling an 1871 campaign confronting Comanches. Hill attributed the origin of the name to the Comanche, due to Grierson'south assertions. The Apache used the aforementioned term ("We chosen them 'buffalo soldiers,' because they had curly, kinky hair ... like bison") a claim supported by other sources.^{[4] [5] [6] [7] [viii]} Another possible source could be from the Plains Indians who gave them that name because of the bison coats they wore in wintertime.^[9] The term Buffalo Soldiers became a generic term for all blackness soldiers. It is at present used for U.S. Army units that trace their direct lineage back to any of the African-American regiments formed in 1866.

Head of an American bison

Service [edit]

During the Civil War, the U.S. regime formed regiments known as the United states of america Colored Troops, composed of black soldiers and Native Americans. The USCT was disbanded in the fall of 1865. In 1867 the Regular Army was prepare at ten regiments of cavalry and 45 regiments of infantry. The Army was authorized to raise 2 regiments of black cavalry (the 9th and 10th (Colored) Cavalry) and four regiments of black infantry (the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st (Colored) Infantry), who were mostly drawn from USCT veterans. The first draft of the bill that the House Commission on Military machine Affairs sent to the full bedchamber on March 7, 1866, did not include a provision for regiments of blackness cavalry, however, this provision was added past Senator Benjamin Wade prior to the pecker'due south passing on July 28, 1866.^[10] In 1869 the Regular Army was kept at ten regiments of cavalry but cut to 25 regiments of Infantry, reducing the blackness complement to 2 regiments (the 24th and 25th (Colored) Infantry). The 38th and 41st were reorganized as the 25th, with headquarters in Jackson Barracks in New Orleans, Louisiana, in November 1869. The 39th and 40th were reorganized equally the 24th, with headquarters at Fort Clark, Texas, in April 1869. The two black infantry regiments represented 10 percent of the size of all xx-five infantry regiments. Similarly, the two black cavalry units represented 20 pct of the size of all x cavalry regiments.^[ten]

During the peacetime germination years (1865–1870), the black infantry and cavalry regiments were composed of black enlisted soldiers commanded past white commissioned officers and blackness noncommissioned officers. These included the first commander of the 10th Cavalry Benjamin Grierson, the first commander of the 9th Cavalry Edward Hatch, Medal of Honour recipient Louis H. Carpenter, and Nicholas M. Nolan. The first blackness commissioned officer to lead the Buffalo Soldiers and the kickoff black graduate of West Betoken, was Henry O. Flipper in 1877.

From 1870 to 1898 the total strength of the Usa Regular army totaled 25,000 service members with blackness soldiers maintaining their 10 percent representation.^[10]

History [edit]

Indian Wars [edit]

From 1867 to the early 1890s, these regiments served at a multifariousness of posts in the Southwestern United States and the Great Plains regions. They participated in most of the military campaigns in these areas and earned a distinguished record. Xiii enlisted men and six officers from these four regiments earned the Medal of Honor during the Indian Wars. In addition to the armed forces campaigns, the Buffalo Soldiers served a variety of roles along the frontier, from edifice roads to escorting the U.Southward. mail. On April 17, 1875, regimental headquarters for the 10th Cavalry was transferred to Fort Concho, Texas. Companies actually arrived at Fort Concho in May 1873. The 9th Cavalry was headquartered at Fort Union from 1875 to 1881.^[11] At various times from 1873 through 1885, Fort Concho housed ninth Cavalry companies A–F, K, and Yard, 10th Cavalry companies A, D–G, I, L, and One thousand, 24th Infantry companies D–G, and Grand, and 25th Infantry companies Thousand and K.^[12] From 1879 to 1881, portions of all iv of the Buffalo Soldier regiments were in New Mexico pursuing Victorio and Nana and their Apache warriors in Victorio's War.^[13] The 9th Cavalry spent the winter of 1890 to 1891 guarding the Pine Ridge Reservation during the events of the Ghost Trip the light fantastic War and the Wounded Knee Massacre. Cavalry regiments were besides used to remove Sooners from native lands in the late 1880s and early 1890s.

Buffalo Soldier in the 9th Cavalry, 1890

In total, 23 Buffalo Soldiers received the Medal of Honor during the Indian Wars.^[xiv]

Johnson County War [edit]

A bottom known action was the 9th Cavalry's participation in the fabled Johnson Canton War, an 1892 land war in Johnson County, Wyoming, betwixt small farmers and large, wealthy ranchers. Information technology culminated in a lengthy shootout betwixt local farmers, a band of hired killers, and a sheriff'due south posse. The 6th Cavalry was ordered in by President Benjamin Harrison to quell the violence and capture the ring of hired killers. Soon afterward, nonetheless, the 9th Cavalry was specifically chosen on to supercede the 6th. The sixth Cavalry was swaying under the local political and social pressures and was unable to keep the peace in the tense environs.

The Buffalo Soldiers responded within about two weeks from Nebraska, and moved the men to the track town of Suggs, Wyoming, creating "Campsite Bettens" despite a hostile local population. One soldier was killed and two wounded in gun battles with locals. Yet, the 9th Cavalry remained in Wyoming for nearly a year to quell tensions in the area.^{[15] [16]}

1898–1918 [edit]

Buffalo Soldiers who participated in the Spanish–American War

After virtually of the Indian Wars ended in the 1890s, the regiments connected to serve and participated in the 1898 Castilian–American State of war (including the Boxing of San Juan Hill) in Cuba, where five more Medals of Award were earned.^{[17] [xviii]}

The men of the Buffalo Soldiers were the merely African Americans that fought in Cuba during the war.^[19] Additionally, the Sixth Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment had a visitor of African-American soldiers, company L, that saw action in Puerto Rico.^[20] Upwardly to 5,000 "Blackness men" enlisted in volunteer regiments in the Spanish–American War in Alabama, Illinois, Kansas, N Carolina, Ohio and Virginia, and some had all black officers.^[21] Several other African-American regiments of Us Volunteer Infantry (USVI) were formed and nicknamed "Immune Regiments", every bit they were mistakenly believed to be resistant to tropical diseases, but only the 9th Immunes served overseas in the war.^{[22] [23]}

The Buffalo Soldiers regiments also took office in the Philippine–American War from 1899 to 1903 and the 1916 Mexican Expedition.^{[17] [eighteen]} There was potent Opposition to War in the Philippines among African Americans.^[24] Many black soldiers established a rapport with "the brown-skinned natives on the islands," and an unusually large number of blackness troops deserted during the campaign, some of whom joined the Filipino rebels, of whom the nigh famous was the historic David Fagen.^{[25] [26]}

In 1918, the tenth Cavalry fought at the Battle of Ambos Nogales during the Starting time Globe War, where they assisted in forcing the surrender of the federal Mexican and Mexican militia forces.^{[17] [eighteen] [27]} In 1917, after being stationed in Houston, Texas, members of the 24th Infantry Regiment participated in the Houston anarchism of 1917 in which soldiers mutinied and marched on the city of Houston killing over a dozen whites.^[28]

Buffalo soldiers fought in the last appointment of the Indian Wars, the modest Battle of Bear Valley in southern Arizona which occurred in 1918 between U.Southward. cavalry and Yaqui natives.^{[17] [18]}

Park rangers [edit]

Some other petty-known contribution of the Buffalo Soldiers involved eight troops of the 9th Cavalry Regiment and i visitor of the 24th Infantry Regiment who served in California's Sierra Nevada as some of the get-go national park rangers. In 1899, Buffalo Soldiers from Visitor H, 24th Infantry Regiment briefly served in Yosemite National Park, Sequoia National Park, and General Grant (Kings Canyon) National Parks.^[29]

U.Due south. Regular army regiments had been serving in these national parks since 1891, just until 1899, the soldiers serving were white. Starting time in 1899, and continuing in 1903 and 1904, African American regiments served during the summer in the second- and third-oldest national parks in the U.s.a. (Sequoia and Yosemite). Because these soldiers served before the National Park Service was created (1916), they were "park rangers" before the term was coined.

A lasting legacy of the soldiers as park rangers is the Ranger hat (popularly known as the Smokey Conduct hat). Although not officially adopted by the Army until 1911, the distinctive lid crease, called a Montana peak, (or pinch) tin can be seen existence worn past several of the Buffalo Soldiers in park photographs dating dorsum to 1899. Soldiers serving in the Castilian–American State of war began to recrease the Stetson lid with a Montana "pinch" to better shed water from the torrential tropical rains. Many retained that distinctive crease upon their render to the U.Due south. The park photographs, in all likelihood, show Buffalo Soldiers who were veterans from that 1898 war.

One detail Buffalo Soldier stands out in history: Helm Charles Immature, who served with Troop I, 9th Cavalry Regiment in Sequoia National Park during the summertime of 1903. Young was the third African American to graduate from the United States Military Academy. At the time of his expiry, he was the highest-ranking African American in the U.S. military. He made history in Sequoia National Park in 1903 by condign Acting Military Superintendent of Sequoia and General Grant National Parks. Young was also the first African American superintendent of a national park. During Young's tenure in the park, he named a giant sequoia for Booker T. Washington. Recently, some other behemothic sequoia in Giant Woods was named in Captain Young's honor. Some of Immature's descendants attended the ceremony.^[30]

Buffalo Soldiers National Museum in Houston

Entrance to Buffalo Soldiers National Museum

The Richard Allen Cultural Center in Leavenworth, Kansas, includes the home of a erstwhile blackness U.S. Army soldier. The museum shares the histories of African Americans living on the Kansas frontier during pioneer days to the nowadays, especially those serving in the U.South. Army as Buffalo Soldiers.

In 1903, 9th Cavalrymen in Sequoia built the first trail to the acme of Mount Whitney, the highest mountain in the face-to-face The states. They also built the start carriage road into Sequoia's Giant Forest, the most famous grove of giant sequoia copse in Sequoia National Park.

In 1904, ninth Cavalrymen in Yosemite built an arboretum on the South Fork of the Merced River in the southern section of the park. This arboretum had pathways and benches, and some plants were identified in both English and Latin. Yosemite'south arboretum is considered to be the first museum in the National Park System. The NPS cites a 1904 study, where Yosemite superintendent (Lt. Col.) John Bigelow, Jr. declared the arboretum "To provide a not bad museum of nature for the general public free of cost ..." Unfortunately, the forces of developers, miners, and greed cut the boundaries of Yosemite in 1905 and the arboretum was nearly destroyed.^[31]

In the Sierra Nevada, the Buffalo Soldiers regularly endured long days in the saddle, slim rations, racism, and separation from family and friends. As military stewards, the African American cavalry and infantry regiments protected the national parks from illegal grazing, poaching, timber thieves, and forest fires. Yosemite Park Ranger Shelton Johnson researched and interpreted the history in an effort to recover and celebrate the contributions of the Buffalo Soldiers of the Sierra Nevada.^[32]

Due west Bespeak [edit]

On March 23, 1907, the United states Military Academy Detachment of Cavalry was changed to a "colored" unit. This had been a long time coming. It had been proposed in 1897 at the "Cavalry and Lite Artillery School" at Fort Riley, Kansas that West Point cadets acquire their riding skills from the blackness noncommissioned officers who were considered the best. The 100-man detachment from the 9th,^[33] and 10th^[34] Cavalry served to teach future officers at West Betoken riding didactics, mounted drill, and tactics until 1947.^[33]

The West Indicate "Escort of Honour" detachment of the 10th Cavalry was distinguished in 1931 by being the last regular regular army unit to be issued with the M1902 blueish dress uniform for all ranks. This parade uniform had ceased to exist worn by other regiments after 1917.^[35]

Prejudice [edit]

The Buffalo Soldiers were frequently confronted with racial prejudice from other members of the U.S. Regular army. Civilians in the areas where the soldiers were stationed occasionally reacted to them with violence. Buffalo Soldiers were attacked during racial disturbances in Rio Grande City, Texas, in 1899,^[36] Brownsville, Texas, in 1906,^[37] and Houston, Texas, in 1917.^{[38] [39]}

During the Indian Wars from 1866 to 1891, 416 soldiers were awarded the Medal of Accolade. Although the Buffalo Soldiers comprised 12% of the U.South. Regular army infantry strength and 20% of the cavalry force in this era, Buffalo Soldiers were awarded less than four% of all Medals of Laurels awarded. Other regiments during the era received a greater number of Medals of Honor but were not distinguished plenty to see duty in Cuba for the Spanish–American War. For case, the eighth Cavalry Regiment with 84 Medals of Honor, were not assigned duty to fight in Cuba in 1898. Scholars have hypothesized that commanders were reticent to honour beliefs that they expected from soldiers, the bureaucracy impeded awards, and the posting of black soldiers to remote outposts reduced the visibility of black soldiers (the 1st Cavalry participated in twenty-ane campaigns and the 2nd cavalry participated in nineteen campaigns during this era, compared to the 9th Cavalry's eight campaigns). Historian Thomas Philips counted 2,704 engagements with native tribes during this era, of which the four blackness regiments participated in 141 or almost 4%.^[xl]

John J. Pershing [edit]

Full general of the Armies John J. Pershing is a controversial effigy regarding the Buffalo Soldiers. He served with the 10th Cavalry Regiment from October 1895 to May 1897, starting as a beginning lieutenant when he took command of a troop of the tenth in October 1895.^[41]

In 1897, Pershing became an teacher at Westward Bespeak, where he joined the tactical staff. West Point cadets upset over Pershing'southward disciplinary handling and loftier standards took to calling him "Nigger Jack", because he had learned to take total respect for blackness soldiers while leading them.^[41] Later during the Spanish–American War, where Pershing served with the 10th for half-dozen months in Republic of cuba, the printing softened the term to "Black Jack", which they continued to use in World State of war I.^{[42] [43]}

At the start of the Spanish–American War, Starting time Lieutenant Pershing was offered a brevet rank and commissioned a major of volunteers on August 26, 1898. He fought with the 10th Cavalry (Buffalo Soldiers) on Kettle and San Juan Hills in Republic of cuba and was cited for gallantry.^[41]

During Earth War I, Pershing was the Commander-in-Master (C-in-C) of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) on the Western Forepart. While earlier a champion of the African-American soldier, at this time he did not defend their full participation on the battleground, but bowed to the racist policies of President Woodrow Wilson, Secretary of War Newton D. Baker, and the Southern Democratic Party with its "split merely equal" philosophy.^[42]

Baker was cognizant of the many issues of domestic and centrolineal political interest in armed forces controlling during wartime, and gave Pershing unmatched authority to run his command as he saw fit, but Pershing practiced realpolitik advisedly where black participation was concerned, not engaging in issues that might distract or diminish his command. All the same, Pershing allowed American soldiers (African Americans) to exist nether the command of a foreign power for the first time in American history.^[42]

The Castigating Expedition, U.S.–Mexico border, and World War I [edit]

The outbreak of the Mexican Revolution in 1910 against the long-time rule of President Porfirio Díaz initiated a decade-long period of loftier-intensity military conflict along the U.S.–Mexico border as different political/armed services factions in Mexico fought for power. The access to arms and customs duties from Mexican communities forth the U.S.–United mexican states purlieus fabricated edge towns such as Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Ojinaga, Chihuahua, and Nogales, Sonora, important strategic assets. As the various factions in Mexico vied for power, the U.S. Army, including the Buffalo Soldier units, was dispatched to the border to maintain security. The Buffalo Soldiers played a fundamental function in U.S.–Mexico relations as the maelstrom that followed the ousting of Díaz and the bump-off of his successor Francisco Madero intensified.^{[ citation needed ]}

By late 1915, the political faction led past Venustiano Carranza received diplomatic recognition from the U.South. government as the legitimate ruling force in United mexican states. Francisco "Pancho" Villa, who had previously courted U.S. recognition and thus felt betrayed, then attacked the rural community of Columbus, New United mexican states, directly leading to further edge tensions as U.S. President Woodrow Wilson unilaterally dispatched the Punitive Trek into Chihuahua, Mexico, nether General John Pershing to auscultate or kill Villa. The 9th and 10th regiments were deployed to Mexico forth with the rest of Pershing's units. Although the manhunt for Villa failed, small-scale-scale confrontations in the communities of Parral and Carrizal nearly brought most a war between Mexico and the Us in the summer of 1916. Tensions cooled through diplomacy as the captured Buffalo Soldiers from Carrizal were released. Despite the public outrage over Villa's Columbus raid, Wilson and his cabinet felt that the U.Southward.'s attention ought to be centered on Germany and World War I, not the apprehension of the "Centauro del Norte". The Punitive Expedition exited Mexico in early 1917, just before the U.S. annunciation of war against Frg in April 1917.^{[ citation needed ]}

The Buffalo Soldiers did non participate with the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) during World War I, but experienced noncommissioned officers were provided to other segregated Black units for combat service—such as the 317th Engineer Battalion.^[44] The soldiers of the 92nd and the 93rd infantry divisions were the kickoff Americans to fight in French republic. The 4 regiments of the 93rd fought under French command for the duration of the war.

The U.S.-United mexican states border in Nogales in 1898: International Street/Calle Internacional runs through the center of the image between Nogales, Sonora (left), and Nogales, Arizona (right). Note the wide-open international boundary. A Community House is located near the center of the prototype.

On August 27, 1918, the 10th Cavalry supported the 35th Infantry Regiment in a border skirmish in the border towns of Nogales, Arizona, and Nogales, Sonora, between U.S. armed forces forces, Mexican Federal troops, and armed Mexican civilians (militia) in the Boxing of Ambos Nogales. This was the only incident in which German military advisers allegedly fought forth with Mexican soldiers confronting U.s.a. soldiers on Northward America soil during World War I.^{[eighteen] [27]}

Battle of Ambos Nogales [edit]

The 35th Infantry Regiment was stationed at Nogales, Arizona, on August 27, 1918, when at almost 4:ten p.g., a gun boxing erupted unintentionally when a Mexican civilian attempted to pass through the edge, dorsum to United mexican states, without being interrogated at the U.S. Customs house. After the initial shooting, reinforcements from both sides rushed to the edge. On the Mexican side, the majority of the belligerents were angry civilians upset with the killings of Mexican border crossers by the U.S. Army along the vaguely defined border betwixt the ii cities during the previous year (the U.S. Border Patrol did non exist until 1924). For the Americans, the reinforcements were the 10th Cavalry, off-duty 35th Regiment soldiers, and militia. Hostilities apace escalated, and several soldiers were killed, and others wounded on both sides, including the mayor of Nogales, Sonora, Felix B. Peñaloza (killed when waving a white truce flag/handkerchief with his cane). A finish-burn down was bundled later afterward the US forces took the heights south of Nogales, Arizona.^{[18] [27] [45]}

Due in part to the heightened hysteria caused by Earth State of war I, allegations surfaced that High german agents fomented this violence and died fighting alongside the Mexican troops they led. U.S. newspaper reports in Nogales before the August 27, 1918, battle documented the difference of part of the Mexican garrison in Nogales, Sonora, to points south that Baronial in an effort to quell armed political rebels.^{[46] [47] [48]}

Despite the Battle of Ambos Nogales controversy, the presence of the Buffalo Soldiers in the community left a pregnant touch on the edge boondocks. The famed jazz musician Charles Mingus was born in the Camp Stephen Little armed services base in Nogales in 1922, son of a Buffalo Soldier.^[49] The African American population, centered on the stationing of Buffalo Soldiers such as the 25th Infantry in Nogales, was a significant factor in the community, though they often faced racial discrimination in the binational border community in addition to racial segregation at the elementary-schoolhouse level in Nogales's M Avenue/Frank Reed School (a school reserved for blackness children).^[50] The redeployment of the Buffalo Soldiers to other areas and the closure of Military camp Lilliputian in 1933 initiated the decline of the African American community in Nogales.

Earth State of war II [edit]

Before World War II, the black 25th Infantry Regiment was based at Ft Huachuca. During the war, Ft Huachuca served as the home base of the Black 92nd and 93rd Infantry Divisions. The 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments were generally disbanded, and the soldiers were moved into service-oriented units, along with the unabridged 2d Cavalry Partitioning. The 92nd Infantry Sectionalisation, the "Buffalo Sectionalization", served in combat during the Italian campaign. The 93rd Infantry Division—including the 25th Infantry Regiment—served in the Pacific theater.^[51] Separately, independent Black arms, tank, and tank destroyer battalions, also equally quartermaster and back up battalions served in World War 2. All of these units to a degree carried out the traditions of the Buffalo Soldiers.

Despite some official resistance and administrative barriers, Black airmen were trained and played a part in the air war in Europe, gaining a reputation for skill and bravery (see Tuskegee Airmen). In early on 1945, after the Boxing of the Bulge, American forces in Europe experienced a shortage of combat troops, and so the embargo on using black soldiers in gainsay units was relaxed. The American Military History says:

Faced with a shortage of infantry replacements during the enemy'south counteroffensive, General Eisenhower offered black soldiers in service units an opportunity to volunteer for duty with the infantry. More than four,500 responded, many taking reductions in form to encounter specified requirements. The 6th Ground forces Group formed these men into provisional companies, while the 12th Regular army Grouping employed them every bit an additional platoon in existing rifle companies. The excellent record established by these volunteers, peculiarly those serving as platoons, presaged major postwar changes in the traditional arroyo to employing Blackness troops.

Korean War and integration [edit]

In 1948, President Harry Truman signed Executive Order 9981, which desegregated the military and marked the first federal piece of legislation that went against the societal norms implemented through Jim Crow laws. During the Korean State of war, blackness and white troops operated in integrated units for the commencement time.

The 24th Infantry Regiment saw gainsay during the Korean War and was the terminal segregated regiment to engage in gainsay. The 24th was deactivated in 1951, and its soldiers were integrated into other units in Korea. On Dec 12, 1951, the concluding Buffalo Soldier units, the 27th Cavalry and the 28th (Horse) Cavalry, were disbanded. The 28th Cavalry was inactivated at Assi-Okba, People's democratic republic of algeria, in April 1944 in North Africa, and marked the end of the regiment.^[52]

Monuments to the Buffalo Soldiers are in Kansas at Fort Leavenworth and Junction City.^[53] Then–Chairman of the Articulation Chiefs of Staff Colin Powell, who initiated the project to become a statue to accolade the Buffalo Soldiers when he was posted as a brigadier full general to Fort Leavenworth, was invitee speaker for the unveiling of the Fort Leavenworth monument in July 1992.

Controversy [edit]

In the 21st century, the employment of the Buffalo Soldiers by the U.s. Army in the Indian Wars has led some to phone call for the critical reappraisal of the African American regiments. In the opinion of some, ^[54] the Buffalo Soldiers were used as mere stupor troops or accessories to the forceful expansionist goals of the U.S. government at the expense of the Native Americans and other minorities.^{[54] [55]} However, there is little evidence to support these opinions. In fact, many Buffalo Soldiers, such every bit Lieutenant Henry Flipper (the first black man to graduate from the West Bespeak Military Academy^[56]), willingly pursued armed forces careers.^[56] A poem written by 1 of the Buffalo Soldiers of the 9th Cavalry reads:

The rest have gone home, To come across the blizzard's wintry blast. The Ninth, the willing Ninth, Is camped here till the concluding, Nosotros were the first to come, Will be the final to get out. Why are nosotros compelled to stay, Why this reward receive? In warm billet, Our recent comrades have their ease, While we poor devils, And the Sioux, are left to freeze.^[57]

Farther evidence of their willing participation and their skill can be found in a alphabetic character written by Francis Roe, an officer's wife, writing in 1873. Her letter was the beginning recorded text to refer to the Buffalo Soldiers past their common name. She writes: "These 'Buffalo Soldiers' are agile, intelligent, and resolute men; are perfectly willing to fight the Indians, whenever they may be called upon to do so, and appear to me to be rather superior to the boilerplate of white men recruited in time of peace."^[57] Other primary sources include the letters of Lt. Powhattan H. Clarke, who served with the 10th Cavalry in Arizona. He swore that "There is non a troop in the U.Southward. Army that I would trust my life to as quickly as this K troop of ours",^[57] and an Army paymaster ambushed in 1889 and saved by the Buffalo Soldiers later remarked, "I never witnessed better courage or better fighting than shown past these colored soldiers."^[57] Such accounts led to their reputation equally legendary soldiers.

Bear witness from courtroom martial documents also suggest that the Buffalo Soldiers willingly participated in various actions and were able to dissent if they so wished. Cpl. Charles Wood was tried by a general court-martial at Austin, Texas, on June four, 1867. There were several charges in the case, including mutiny, striking his superior officer, and desertion. Corporal Woods pleaded "not guilty" to the start two charges and "guilty" to the 3rd charge of desertion. Woods was institute guilty of all three charges and sentenced to death. Because of facts brought out during the case, including the harsh treatment by an officer toward his men, the judge advocate general recommended that Woods's sentence be remitted. In writing to the aide general, the judge advocate general wrote, "Just in view of the extraordinary circumstances developed past the testimony, showing that there was no disposition on the part of the prisoner either to mutiny or to desert, just that his acquit, and that of his company, was the upshot of outrageous treatment on the part of one of the commissioned officers, and in view of the suffering he has already endured, the sentence is remitted and the prisoner volition be restored to duty." A November 20 regimental order reduced Forest to the rank of private.^[58]

Many reports be to particular the daily life of the Buffalo Soldier. The report of an infantryman serving nether Sergeant Joseph Luckadoe about the night of an attack on a Texas Mail Station in 1873 states: "While sitting in the Station our attending was attracted by the dogs barking at what we at the time, supposed to be a Cayote, to be certain, I told [Private Joshua Fifty.] Newby to go his gun and come across what they were barking at. When he got near the Haystack, he was fired upon by some one, the brawl simply passing him and imbeded itself in 1 of the Corral posts. Nosotros seized our guns, and rushed out of doors when they discharged some eight shots at us, the balls striking the stone and flatt[en]ing out with the exception of two, i is imbeded in one of the uprights for our Arbor, the other, as I turned around, struck my Cap brim, cut away a portion of the cloth and pasteboard but did not injure me ... I told [Private Henry] Williams to fire on them, this he done, when 1 of them roughshod at the second shot – at daybreak nosotros establish that he had bled all over the stones at least a half gallon of claret, they taken him off with them ... I do not recall they were Indians they were to[o] assuming and defiant although there are enough of Moccasin tracks in the gulch. I think that more than ane of the party was injure. I think we killed the one that bled then much – we did not sleep any on the 31st, nosotros are all well, and on the lookout. Please ask the Col. To send some more ammunition we have 130 rounds ... and delight send those Beans to the station keeper and some vegetables, if you take some to spare."^[59]

Writing in the veterans' paper Winners of the West, Scott Lovelace summarized the tenth Cavalry'south activities during the late 1870s every bit "chasing the redskins to assist blaze a correct of way for the settlers of the wild west". Some other 10th Cavalry veteran, George W. Ford, reflected: "Our sacrifices and hardships opened up a not bad empire to civilization."^[59]

Many of the Buffalo Soldiers went on to lead prosperous lives. Samuel Bridgwater joined the 24th Infantry Regiment in the 1880s. In 1892, he married Mamie Anderson and brought her to Fort Huachuca, Arizona. Later being wounded fighting in the Philippines, he served every bit a cook. Eventually, the Bridgwaters established themselves in Helena, Montana, ownership property, raising their children, and condign agile in community diplomacy. ^[threescore] Many of his and his family's portraits tin can exist seen in the archives of the Smithsonian'southward National Museum of American History.

Built-in in the Indian territory of Oklahoma in 1897, Benjamin B. Blayton and his twin brother joined the 92nd Division in 1918. Having left their small town for Washington, D.C., both men were eager to encounter the world. Blayton fought in the 365th regiment, which saw combat in the decisive Meuse-Argonne battle in France. For his heroic service, Blayton garnered ii battle clasps on his World War I Victory Medal. Blayton married Oletha Brown, who had come to the majuscule to help the war effort by sewing uniforms. Blayton went on to work in the Patent Office and Mail service.^[61]

Legacy [edit]

Historical markers [edit]

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  Buffalo Soldiers serving at Fort Davis

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  Fort Elliott

In popular culture [edit]

• The song and music of "Soul Saga (Vocal of the Buffalo Soldier)" has had several renditions. In 1974, it was produced by Quincy Jones in the album Torso Heat.^[62] In 1975, the album Symphonic Soul independent another variation and was released by Henry Mancini and his Orchestra.^[63]
• The vocal "Buffalo Soldier", co-written by Bob Marley and King Sporty, first appeared on the 1983 anthology Confrontation. Many Jamaicans, particularly Rastafarians like Marley, identified with the "Buffalo Soldiers" as an example of blackness men who performed with exceeding courage, honor, valor, and distinction in a field that was dominated by whites and persevered despite endemic racism and prejudice.^[64]
• The song "Buffalo Soldier" by The Flamingos specifically refers to the 10th Cavalry Regiment. The vocal was a pocket-size hitting in 1970.^[65] A cappella grouping The Persuasions remade the song on their anthology Street Corner Symphony. This version was produced by David Dashev and Eric Malamud.^{[66] [67]}

  

  Buffalo Soldier Memorial of El Paso, in Fort Bliss, depicting CPL John Ross, I Troop, ninth Cavalry, during an encounter in the Guadalupe Mountains during the Indian Wars

• A 1961 episode of the idiot box serial Rawhide ("Incident of the Buffalo Soldier", season 3, episode 10, aired January six, 1961) was about a old top sergeant Buffalo Soldier stationed at Fort Wingate.^[68]
• A 1964 episode of Rawhide ("Incident at Seven Fingers", flavour half-dozen, episode 30, aired May 7, 1964) was about a top sergeant of Troop F, 110th Cavalry Regiment (played past William Marshall) who is defendant of being a coward and a deserter. Other Buffalo Soldiers and an officer runway him down.^[69]
• A 1968 episode of television serial The High Chaparral ("The Buffalo Soldiers", season ii, episode ten, aired November 22, 1968), starring Yaphet Kotto, had the 10th Cavalry, C Company called in to establish martial law at the request of the citizens of Tucson, to help salve it from the grip of a crime dominate.^[lxx]
• The 1976 film Joshua, starring Fred Williamson, tells the story of a black soldier who, returned from fighting for the Spousal relationship in the Civil War, becomes a bounty hunter determined to track downwardly his mother's killers.^[71]
• The 2017 Netflix series Godless has a camp of sometime Buffalo Soldiers that have turned to farming (their fighting days behind them). In the series it is explained that the term "Buffalo Soldier" is derived from when John Randall held off 70 Indians with only a pistol, having killed 13 of them while he sustained multiple wounds. This explanation however is largely fictitious.^[72]

Medal of Award recipients (1866–1918) [edit]

Memorial to Medal of Honor recipient Corporal Clinton Greaves, ninth US Cavalry, at Fort Bayard, New Mexico

Sgt. John Harris of the 10th U.South. Cavalry with a Sharps rifle, c. 1868.

This list is of the officers and men who received the Medal of Accolade due to service with the original units called "Buffalo Soldiers".

• Edward L. Baker, Jr.
• Dennis Bong
• Thomas Boyne
• Benjamin Brown
• George Ritter Burnett
• Louis H. Carpenter
• Powhatan Henry Clarke
• John Denny
• Pompey Factor
• Clinton Greaves
• Henry Johnson
• George Jordan
• Fitz Lee
• Isaiah Mays
• William McBryar
• Adam Paine
• Isaac Payne
• Thomas Shaw
• Emanuel Stance
• Freddie Stowers
• William H. Thompkins
• Augustus Walley
• George H. Wanton
• John Ward
• Moses Williams
• William Othello Wilson
• Brent Forest

Other prominent members [edit]

This list is of other notable African Americans who served in the original units as "Buffalo Soldiers" from 1866 to 1918.

• John Hanks Alexander
• Allen Allensworth
• Lewis Broadus
• Henry Ossian Flipper
• Edward W. Pearson, Sr.
• Charles Young
• China Williams

See also [edit]

• Bicycle infantry
• Bisbee Riot
• Battle of the Saline River – i of the first combats of the tenth
• Blackness Seminoles (Cimarrones)
• Black Seminole Scouts
• Listing of African-American Medal of Honor recipients
• Military history of African Americans
• Racial segregation in the United States Armed Forces
• Military camp Lockett
• Buffalo Soldier tragedy of 1877, likewise known as the "Staked Plains Horror"
• "Colonel" Charles Long
• The Buffalo Saga, memoirs of James H. Daugherty of the 92nd Infantry in Globe State of war Two
• Tuskegee Airmen
• 1st Louisiana Native Guard
• 2d Cavalry Segmentation
• 92nd Infantry Division
• 93rd Infantry Partition
• 366th Infantry Regiment
• 761st Tank Battalion
• 784th Tank Battalion
• MV Buffalo Soldier, a maritime prepositioning send, used by the Armed services Sealift Command
• Tangipahoa African American Heritage Museum & Black Veteran Archives
• Buffalo Soldiers MC, a motorcycle society.

 U.s. portal

References [edit]

1. ^ Mills, Charles K. (2011). Harvest of Arid Regrets: The Army Career of Frederick William Benteen 1834–1898. University of Nebraska Press. p. 331. ISBN978-0-8032-3684-4.
2. ^ Chap. CCXCIX. 14 Stat. 332 from "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U. S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875". Library of Congress, Law Library of Congress. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
3. ^ Shaughnessy, Larry (September 19, 2005), Oldest Buffalo Soldier to exist Buried at Arlington, CNN, retrieved April 24, 2007
4. ^ Mills, Charles G. p. 332
5. ^ Lehmann, H., 1927, 9 Years Among the Indians, 1870-1879, Von Boeckmann-Jones Company, p. 121
6. ^ National Park Service, Buffalo Soldiers (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on January 4, 2007, retrieved May one, 2007
7. ^ Brief History (Buffalo Soldiers National Museum) (PDF), 2008, retrieved November xxx, 2009
8. ^ The Smithsonian Institution, The Cost of Freedom: Printable Exhibition , retrieved May one, 2007
9. ^ DVD encompass of the 1960 Western picture Sergeant Rutledge (Issued in 2016 by the Warner Brothers Archive Collection.
10. ^ ^{a b c} Schubert, Frank N. (1997). Black Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Award, 1870–1898. Scholarly Resource Inc. pp. four–5. ISBN978-0-8420-2586-7.
11. ^ Schubert, Frank North. (1997). Black Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honor, 1870-1898. Scholarly Resources Inc. p. 41. ISBN978-0-8420-2586-vii.
12. ^ Fort Concho National Historic Landmark, San Angelo, TX: Fort Concho NHL, retrieved January 2, 2009
13. ^ Schubert, Frank Northward. (1997). Black Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honor, 1870-1898. Scholarly Resources Inc. p. 73. ISBN978-0-8420-2586-seven.
14. ^ "Medal of Honor Recipients: Indian Wars Period".
15. ^ Fields, Elizabeth Arnett. Historic Contexts for the American Military Experience Archived August 29, 2002, at the Wayback Machine
16. ^ Schubert, Frank N. "The Suggs Affray: The Black Cavalry in the Johnson County State of war". The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Jan 1973), pp. 57–68.
17. ^ ^{a b c d} "10th Cavalry Squadron History". US Army. Archived from the original on November 27, 2005.
18. ^ ^{a b c d due east f} Finely, James P. (1996), Buffalo Soldiers at Huachuca: The Battle of Ambo Nogales, Fort Huachuca, AZ: Huachuca Museum Guild, p. Vol. 2, office 6, ISBN978-0-929757-96-iv, LCCN 93-206790, retrieved Jan xviii, 2010
19. ^ Cunningham, Roger D. (Oct 16, 2015). "The Black "Allowed" Regiments in the Spanish–American War". ArmyHistory.org.
20. ^ Cunningham, Roger (Summertime 2001). ""We are an orderly body of men": Virginia'south Black "Immunes" in the Spanish–American War" (PDF). Celebrated Alexandria Quarterly: 12.
21. ^ Clodfelter, Micheal. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualties and Other Figures, 1494-2007
22. ^ Coston, Hilary (1971) [c. 1899]. The Spanish–American State of war volunteer. Freeport, NY: Books For Libraries Press. pp. 7.
23. ^ Glasrud, Bruce (2011). Brothers to the Buffalo Soldiers. University of Missouri Press. p. 5.
24. ^ Zinn, Howard (November 17, 2015). A People'south History of the United States. p. 319. ISBN978-0-06-239734-viii.
25. ^ Hoffman, Phillip Westward. (2017). David Fagen: Turncoat Hero. ISBN978-1-939995-25-iv.
26. ^ Morey, Michael (Feb 5, 2019). An African American Renegade in the Philippine-American War. ISBN978-0-299-31940-iii.
27. ^ ^{a b c} Wharfield, Harold B., Colonel, USAF retired (1965), Tenth Cavalry and Border Fights, El Cajon, CA: Self published, pp. 85–97
28. ^ "17 Killed; 21 Are Injured in Wild Night". Houston Chronicle. August 24, 1917. p. 1.
29. ^ Johnson, Shelton Invisible Men: Buffalo Soldiers of the Sierra Nevada Archived October x, 2006, at the Wayback Car. Park Histories: Sequoia NP (and Kings Canyon NP), National Park Service. Retrieved: 2007-05-xviii.
30. ^ Leckie, William H. (1967), The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Black Cavalry in the W, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Printing, LCCN 67015571
31. ^ Wallis, O. L. (September 1951), "Yosemite's Pioneer Arboreetum" (PDF), Yosemite Nature Notes, Yosimite Natural History Association, Inc., vol. XXX, Number 9, p. 83, retrieved May five, 2010
32. ^ Johnson, Shelton, Shadows in the Range of Low-cal, archived from the original on May 12, 2007, retrieved Apr 24, 2007
33. ^ ^{a b} Buckley, Gail Lumet, American Patriots: The Story of Blacks in the Military from the Revolution to Desert Storm, Random House; 1st edition (May 22, 2001).
34. ^ Brandon O'Connor (September 5, 2018) Honoring Buffalo Soldiers legacy with annual ceremony
35. ^ Randy Steffen, page 72 "The Equus caballus Soldier, Book 4, 1917-1943", University of Oklahoma Press 1979
36. ^ Christian, Garna (Baronial 17, 2001), Handbook of Texas Online: Rio Grande Metropolis, Texas , retrieved April 24, 2007
37. ^ Christian, Garna (Feb 17, 2005), Handbook of Texas Online: Brownsville, Texas , retrieved April 24, 2007
38. ^ Haynes, Robert (April half dozen, 2004), Handbook of Texas Online: Houston, Texas , retrieved Apr 24, 2007
39. ^ The Officer Down Memorial Page (Police Officer Rufus Eastward. Daniels), archived from the original on September 27, 2007, retrieved April 24, 2007
40. ^ Schubert, Frank Due north. (1997). Blackness Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honour, 1870-1898. Scholarly Resources Inc. pp. 164–165. ISBN978-0-8420-2586-7.
41. ^ ^{a b c} http://www.nps.gov/pwso/honor/pershing.htm Archived September xv, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
42. ^ ^{a b c} Frank E. Vandiver, Black Jack: The Life and Times of John J. Pershing – Book I (Texas A&Chiliad Academy Press, Third printing, 1977) ISBN 0-89096-024-0, 67.
43. ^ Bak, Richard, Editor. "The Rough Riders" by Theodore Roosevelt. Page 172. Taylor Publishing, 1997.
44. ^ 317th Engineer Battalion
45. ^ Clendenen, Clarence (1969), Blood on the Border: The United states of america Army and the Mexican Irregulars, New York: Macmillan, ISBN978-0-02-526110-v
46. ^ General DeRosey C. Cabell, "Report on Recent Trouble at Nogales, 1 September 1918", Battle of Nogales 1918 Drove, Pimeria Alta Historical Order (Nogales, AZ). See also DeRosey C. Cabell, "Memorandum for the Aide General: Subject: Copy of Records to exist Furnished to the Secretary of the Treasury. thirty September 1918", Battle of Nogales 1918 Drove, Pimeria Alta Historical Social club (Nogales, AZ). Furthermore, an investigation by Army officials from Fort Huachuca, Arizona, could non substantiate accusations of militant German agents in the Mexican border community and instead traced the origins of the violence to the abuse of Mexican edge crossers in the year before the Battle of Ambos Nogales. The main issue of this battle was the building of the first permanent border fence between the two cities of Nogales.
47. ^ "War machine Commanders Hold Final Conference Dominicus", Nogales Evening Daily Herald (Nogales, AZ), September ii, 1918; Daniel Arreola, "La Cerca y Las Garitas de Ambos Nogales: A Postcard Landscape Exploration", Journal of the Southwest, vol. 43 (Winter 2001), pp. 504-541. Though largely unheard of in the U.Due south. (and even within nearly of Mexico), the municipal leaders of Nogales, Sonora, successfully petitioned the Mexican Congress in 1961 to grant the Mexican border city the championship of "Heroic City", leading to the customs's official proper noun, Heroica Nogales, a stardom shared with other Mexican cities such as Heroica Huamantla, Tlaxcala, and Heroica Veracruz, Veracruz, communities that also saw military confrontation between Mexicans and U.South. armed services forces.
48. ^ Carlos F. Parra, "Valientes Nogalenses: The 1918 Battle Between the U.S. and Mexico That Transformed Ambos Nogales", Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 51 (Spring 2010), p. 26.
49. ^ "Mingus Biography - Charles Mingus: The Official Site".
50. ^ Francisco Castro, "Overcoming Prejudice: Limitations Confronting Blacks in Nogales Did Not Stop Them from Accomplishments" Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, In the Steps of Esteban, Tucson's African American Heritage.
51. ^ Hargrove, Hondon B. (1985), Buffalo Soldiers in Italia: Blackness Americans in World War Two, Jefferson, N Carolina: McFarland & Visitor, ISBN0-89950-116-8
52. ^ The 28th Cavalry: The U.S. Regular army's Last Horse Cavalry Regiment, archived from the original on December 20, 2007, retrieved April 24, 2007
53. ^ Services – Buffalo Soldier Monument, archived from the original on June 27, 2007, retrieved April 24, 2007
54. ^ ^{a b} The shame of the Buffalo Soldiers, archived from the original on September 29, 2007, retrieved July 24, 2007
55. ^ Mullin, Matthew. "Buffalo Soldier-Dreadlock Rasta? The Buffalo Soldier of the West and the Elimination of the Native American Race". The Dread Library . Retrieved Nov 25, 2021.
56. ^ ^{a b} "Buffalo Soldiers and Indian Wars - 2015 - Questions of the Month". Jim Crow Museum. Ferris Country Academy.
57. ^ ^{a b c d} "We Can, We Will". TPW mag. Apr 2006.
58. ^ "Researching African Americans in the U.S. Army, 1866–1890". August xv, 2016.
59. ^ ^{a b} "Buffalo Soldiers".
60. ^ "Buffalo Soldiers". Apr 24, 2017.
61. ^ "Buffalo Soldiers". April 24, 2017.
62. ^ Soul Saga (Song of the Buffalo Soldier), Jones, Quincy, 1974, A&M. 1988, Album Body Rut. ASIN: B000W0248E
63. ^ Soul Saga (Song of the Buffalo Soldier), Mancini, Henry, 1975, RCA CPL1-0672 (Quadraphonic) album Symphonic Soul".
64. ^ Black Heretics, Black Prophets: Radical Political Intellectuals – Bogues, Anthony, Page 198, via Google Books. Accessed 2008-06-28.
65. ^ Whitburn, Joel (2000). Top Pop Singles 1955-1999. Menomonee Falls, WI: Record Research, Inc. p. 227. ISBN0-89820-140-3.
66. ^ Buffalo Soldier, The Persuasions, 1971, Capitol Records. 1993, Anthology Street Corner Symphony. ASIN: B0000008N7
67. ^ 'Buffalo Soldier' by The Persuasions on Discogs
68. ^ "Incident of the Buffalo Soldier" on tv.com and The Rawhide Trail. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
69. ^ "Incident at Seven Fingers" on idiot box.com and The Rawhide Trail. Retrieved May 16, 2014.
70. ^ "The Loftier Chaparral Episode 2.36".
71. ^ Ian Jane (August 16, 2011). "Cut-Throats 9 / Joshua". DVD Talk.
72. ^ The 13 Indians were not killed by Randall, but rather by the soldiers coming to rescue him. While Indians started to employ the term Buffalo Soldiers around that time, there is no direct connection to the incident with Randall. Run across for instance: William H. Leckie, Shirley A. Leckie. The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Black Cavalry in the West. University of Oklahoma Press, 2012, ISBN 978-0-8061-8389-3, pp. 26-27

Farther reading [edit]

• Billington, Monroe Lee. New Mexico's Buffalo Soldiers, 1866–1900 (Academy Printing of Colorado, 1991)
• Downey, Fairfax. The Buffalo Soldiers in the Indian Wars (McGraw-Hill, 1969)
• Field, Ron, and Alexander G. Bielakowski. Buffalo Soldiers: African American Troops in the Usa Forces, 1866–1945 (Osprey Pub., 2008)
• Glasrud, Bruce A, and Michael N. Searles, eds. Buffalo Soldiers in the West: A Blackness Soldiers Album (Texas A&M University Printing, 2007) ISBN 978-1-58544-620-nine
• Horne, Gerald. Black and Dark-brown: African Americans and the Mexican Revolution, 1910–1920 (New York University Press, 2005) ISBN 978-0-8147-3673-9
• Kenner, Charles L. Buffalo Soldiers and Officers of the Ninth Cavalry, 1867–1898: Black and White Together (University of Oklahoma Press, 1990) ISBN 978-0-8061-3158-0
• Leckie, William H., and Shirley A. Leckie. The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Black Cavalry in the West (University of Oklahoma Press, 2012)
• Schubert, Frank N. (1997). Blackness Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honor, 1870-1898. Scholarly Resources Inc. ISBN978-0-8420-2586-7.
• Schubert, Frank North. Buffalo Soldiers, Braves, and the Brass: The Story of Fort Robinson, Nebraska (White Mane Publishing Company, 1993)
• Smith, Sherry Fifty. "Lost Soldiers: Re-searching the Army in the American West." Western Historical Quarterly (1998): 149–163. in JSTOR

External links [edit]

• Buffalo Soldiers at San Juan Hill Archived Baronial 3, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
• Buffalo Soldier Monument – Fort Leavenworth, Kansas
• Buffalo Soldier National Museum
• Photo Gallery of Buffalo Soldiers On the Eve of State of war (Globe War Ii) at the United states Army Center of Military History
• Buffalo Soldiers from the Handbook of Texas Online
• shadowsoldier.wilderness.net, a website devoted to remembering the contributions of the buffalo soldiers of the Sierra Nevada, by Park Ranger Shelton Johnson, Yosemite National Park
• A Path to Lunch Liberation Solar day and the Liberation of America, Buffalo Soldiers in Lunigiana and Versilia, Italy.
• Engagements by the Buffalo Soldiers and Seminole-Blackness Indian Scouts
• Buffalo Soldiers during WW2 Helm Merrel Moody instructs Privates Enichel Kennedy, Oscar Davis, B. D. Kroninger and Will Johnson of Infantry School Stables, on the proper fashion to clean a saddle. Date: July 25, 1941.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Soldier

Posted by: mcfarrentreasking.blogspot.com

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